ls -list the content of a directory -lots of options ls -most basic ls *somestring ls *pl will list just the files ending in pl ls somestrint* ls hat* will list just the files starting with hat ls *somestring*somestring ls *Uni*gb will list the files containing the string Uni and ending in the string gb ls –l -probably the most important -some people set up an alias so ls is really ls –l -gives you lots of information -whether it is a directory or file -permissions for you, your group, everyone else -who created the file/directory -what group it belongs to -the size of the file in bytes -when it was created/changed -the name of the file/directory ls –a -show all files including those starting with . -usually doesn’t show much but try in your home directory and see all the hidden files -configuration files for various applications -configuration files for your session -.bashrc -.profile.orig ls –lS ls –G vs ls –-color -ls -lG on mac ls -l --color on perun -highlighted green=directory -green letters=files that are executable -basic black=non executable file ls –S ls -lS -sorts the files by size ls –lh -lists file size in human readable format 956M vs 1001818676 -an approximate of the genome size ls -lh *fasta 9.7M Jul 12 2016 Pinvadens_endo_genome_july2016.fasta -actual size is 9.9 M ls -lt -show the last time the file was modified with newest first -notice that some of them have the year -if older than 6 months the year will be shown ls -ltr -show the last time the file was modified with oldest first.